2009 April « sufiyyah~

Post Mortem Semester 2, Tahun 2.

Keputusan peperiksaan semester dua, tahun dua sudah keluar. Alhamdulillah, walau pun jauh tersasar daripada sasaran GPA 4.00, ternyata usaha ana tidak sia-sia kerana nilainya meningkat lebih baik daripada semester sebelumnya.

Inilah jerih-perih ana, walau pun tak seberapa, tanpa unsur penipuan/ perbincangan yang tidak dibenarkan di dalam kuiz ataupun peperiksaan. Jerih perit inilah yang menjadi manisnya, setelah ‘pahit’ menjadi kunyahan ana sepanjang semester lepas. Alhamdulillah. Ana berbangga kerana tidak meniru! (Moga Allah tetap kukuhkan prinsip ini, amin.)

Semester lepas ialah semester yang tidak sibuk dengan aktiviti persatuan. Walau pun ana mendapat amanah-amanah baharu, skop kerjanya tidak meluas lagi. Maklumlah UIAM Kuantan baru mula hendak berlari. Pun begitu, dasar baharu UIAM yang meletakkan nilai untuk aktiviti luar daripada skop kurikulum(baca: kokurikulum), pada ana, sangat membantu pelajar untuk meningkatkan lagi nilai gred sedia ada, selain memupuk semangat berpersatuan di kalangan mahasiswa.

Menjadi pelajar yang aktif bermakna anda terpaksa melakukan ‘pengorbanan’ yang besar. ‘Pengorbanan’ itu adalah jihad melawan nafsu. Masa perlu ditambah untuk menelaah, setelah anda berpenat dan berhempas-pulas dengan program. Tambahan lagi jika program berlangsung pada saat-saat genting hampir dengan peperiksaan/ ujian. Pengorbanan ini sebenarnya lebih bermakna daripada ruang dan senggang masa yang digunakan untuk perkara sia-sia seperti hiburan atau istirehat yang berlebihan.

Ana membuat kesimpulan, menggauli ilmu pada saat-saat akhir sebelum peperiksaan, bukanlah satu tindakan yang bijak untuk pelajar universiti. Dunia kampus ialah dunia yang berbeza dengan dunia persekolahan, kerana ia menuntut stamina dan konsisten yang berterusan. Untuk cemerlang, anda harus punyai momentum yang hebat untuk berdepan dengan segala ujian nafsu, masa, kesihatan, persekitaran dan sistem sesebuah universiti itu sendiri.

Ana berdoa, supaya diri tetap tabah dan punya keghairahan (passion) untuk terus melangkah. Insya’Allah.

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Empat Karya Penguat Jiwa

Sedang membaca karya Lintang Sugianto, Matahari di Atas Gilli.

Sudah membaca Satu Bulan, Tiga Bintang buah tangan kakak manis; Ummu Hani Abu Hassan

dan Kembara Atiq Wazif, Satu Anugerah kisah benar Hassan Suyut yang membuahkan rasa syukur di hati ana

serta Log Kembara Ustaz Hasrizal; Rindu Bau Pohon Tin.

Keempat-empatnya harus anda baca!

Tinggalkan Komen

Jawapan BGE: Open Reading Frame

Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_reading_frame

An open reading frame (ORF) is a portion of an organism’s genome which contains a sequence of bases that could potentially encode a protein. The start-points and end-points of a given ORF are not equivalent to the ends of the mRNA, but they are usually contained within the mRNA sequence. In a gene, ORFs are located between the start-code sequence (initiation codon) and the stop-code sequence (termination codon). ORFs are usually encountered when sifting through pieces of DNA while trying to locate a gene. Since there exist variations in the start-code sequence of organisms with altered genetic code, the ORF will be identified differently. A typical ORF finder will employ algorithms based on existing genetic codes (including the altered ones) and all possible reading frames.

In fact, the existence of an ORF, especially a long one, is usually a good indication of the presence of a gene in the surrounding sequence. In this case, the ORF is part of the sequence that will be translated by the ribosomes, it will be long, and if the DNA is eukaryotic, the ORF may continue over gaps called introns. However, short ORFs can also occur by chance outside of genes. Usually ORFs outside genes are not very long and terminate after a few codons.

Once a gene has been sequenced it is important to determine the correct open reading frame (ORF). Theoretically, the DNA sequence can be read in six reading frames in organisms with double-stranded DNA; three on each strand. The longest sequence without a stop codon usually determines the open reading frame. That is the case with prokaryotes. Eukaryotic mRNA is typically monocistronic and therefore only contains a single ORF. A problem arises when working with eukaryotic pre-mRNA: long parts of the DNA within an ORF are not translated (introns). When the aim is to find eukaryotic open reading frames it is necessary to have a look at the spliced messenger RNA mRNA.

For example, if you have 5′-UCUAAAGGUGAC-3′ it has two out of three reading frames possible. This is one of the two possible mRNA sequences of the transcript, and we see that it can be read in three different ways:

UCU AAA GGU GAC
CUA AAG GUG etc
UAA AGG UGA etc

The last reading frame has a stop codon (UAA), unlike the first two. Thus, only two of the three reading frames are open.

LAGI…

Sumber: http://www.iscid.org/encyclopedia/Open_Reading_Frame

A reading frame, in biology, consists of three-nucleotide codon sets in either DNA or RNA that are contiguous and non-overlapping. An open reading frame (ORF) is a similar sequence that can be translated into a protein or a polypeptide.

In any open reading frame, the start-code sequence or initiation codon that begins the protein is methionine ATG, and then stop-code sequence or termination codon ends it. The stop sequence is coded by what is termed a nonsense codon, or a codon that does not have an RNA match. There are only three nonsense codons: amber(UAG) ochre(UAA) and opal (UGA). As you can see, each one contains a “U” nucleotide, not normal to DNA.

Any time a geneticist finds a long open reading frame, it is an indication that there is probably a gene near it. Sometimes short open reading frames occur outside the genes, simply by chance, and these are generally examined and discarded. Open reading frames are crucial to genetic sequencing.

Kita harus akui, kalau malas/kurang membaca, soalan semudah ini pun tak dapat dijawab.

Aduhai~

Sigh.

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